Гибридизация журналистских культур: сравнительное исследование реализации журналистских ролей
Аннотация
Авторитетное сравнительное исследование медиасистем определяет специфические модели, в соответствии с которыми определенные страны - точнее, страны развитых демократий - имеют общие черты журналистских культур. Ревизионистская литература не только подчеркивает ограничения таких моделей, но и заявляет о повсеместной гибридизации журналистских культур. В данной статье тезис о гибридизации проверяется посредством анализа наличия шести журналистских ролей в новостях печатных медиа 19 стран (N = 34514). Полученные нами результаты свидетельствуют о наличии моделей многослойной гибридизации в реализации профессиональных ролей в развитых, переходных демократиях и недемократических странах. Журналистская культура последних демонстрирует различные типы гибридности, которые не похожи ни на существующие типологии идеальных медиасистем, ни на общепризнанные представления о политических или региональных группах. Обсуждается значение полученных результатов для будущих исследований.
Скачивания
Литература
Aalberg, T., Van Aelst, P., & Curran, J. (2010). Media systems and the political information environment: A cross-national comparison. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(3), 255–271.
Benson, R. (2013). On the explanatory and political uses of journalism history. American Journalism, 30(1), 4–14.
Benson, R., Blach Ørsten, M., Powers, M., Willig, I., & Zambrano, S. V. (2012). Media systems online and off: Comparing the form of news in the United States, Denmark, and France. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 21–38.
Benson, R., & Hallin, D. (2007). How states, markets and globalization shape the news: The French and US National Press, 1965–97. European Journal of Communication, 22(1), 27–48.
Bourdieu, P. (1998). On television and journalism. London, England: Pluto Press. Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065.
Christians, C. G., Glasser, T. L., McQuail, D., Nordenstreng, K., & White, R. A. (2009). Normative theories of the media: Journalism in democratic societies. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Curran, J., Iyengar, S., Lund, A., & Salovaara-Moring, I. (2009). Media system, public knowledge and democracy: A comparative study. European Journal of Communication, 24(1), 5–26.
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442–464.
DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mindrila, D. (2009). Understanding and using factor scores. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 14(20), 1–11.
Dobek-Ostrowska, B. (2015). 25 years after communism: Four models of media and politic in Central and Eastern Europe. In B. Dobek-Ostrowska & M. Głowacki (Eds.), Democracy and media in central and eastern Europe 25 years on (pp. 11–46). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang Edition.
Donsbach, W., & Patterson, T. (2004). Political news journalists: Partisanship, professionalism, and political roles in five countries. In F. Esser & B. Pfetsch (Eds.), Comparing political communication: Theories, cases, and challenges (pp. 251–270). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Esser, F. (2008). Dimensions of political news cultures: Sound bite and image bite news in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(4), 401–428.
Esser, F., & Umbricht, A. (2013). Competing models of journalism? Political affairs coverage in US, British, German, Swiss, French and Italian newspapers. Journalism, 14(8), 989 – 1007.
Frère, M. S. (2015). Francophone Africa: The rise of ‘pluralist authoritarian’ media systems? African Journalism Studies, 36(1), 103–112.
Gross, P., & Jakubowicz, K. (2013). Media transformations in the post-communist world: Eastern Europe’s tortured path to change. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
Guerrero, M., & Márquez-Ramírez, M. (Eds.) (2014). Media systems and communication policies in Latin America. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gunaratne, S. (2010). De-Westernizing communication/social research: Opportunities and limitations. Media, Culture & Society, 32(3), 473–500.
Hallin, D., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D., & Mancini, P. (Eds.) (2012). Comparing media systems beyond the Western world. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D., & Mancini, P. (2017). Ten years after comparing media systems: What have we learned? Political Communication, 34(2), 155–171.
Hallin, D., & Mellado, C. (2017). Serving consumers, citizens or elites: Democratic roles of journalism in Chilean newspapers and television news. The International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217736888.
Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Toward a universal theory. Communication Theory, 17(4), 367–385.
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Anikina, M., Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., ... Yuen, W., & Kee, E. (2011). Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 273–293.
Hellmueller, L., & Mellado, C. (2016). Watchdogs in Chile and the United States: Comparing the networks of sources and journalistic role performances. International Journal of Communication, 10, 3261–3280.
Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Bonfadelli, H., & Marr, M. (2009). “Dark areas of ignorance” revisited: Comparing international affairs knowledge in Switzerland and the United States. Communication Research, 36(3), 341–358.
Lynch, K. (2007). Modeling role enactment: Linking role theory and social cognition. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 37(4), 379–399.
Mancini, P. (2015). The news media between volatility and hybridization. In J. Zielonka (Ed.), Media and politics in new democracies: Europe in a comparative perspective (pp. 28–34). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
McCargo, D. (2012). Partisan polyvalence: Characterizing the political role of Asian media. In D. Hallin & P. Mancini (Eds.), Media systems beyond the western world (pp. 201–223). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Mellado, C. (2015). Professional roles in news content: Six dimensions of journalistic role performance. Journalism Studies, 16(4), 596–614.
Mellado, C., Hellmueller, L., & Donsbach, W. (2017a). Journalistic role performance: Concepts, contexts and methods. New York, NY: Routledge.
Mellado, C., Márquez-Ramírez, M., Mick, J., Oller Alonso, M., & Olivera, D. (2017b). Journalistic performance in Latin America: A comparative study of professional roles in news content. Journalism, 18(9), 1087–1106.
Mellado, C., & Van Dalen, A. (2014). Between rhetoric and practice. Journalism Studies, 15(6), 859–878.
Mellado, C., & Van Dalen, A. (2017). Changing times, changing journalism: A content analysis of journalistic role performances in a transitional democracy. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(2), 244–263.
Norris, P. (2009). Comparative political communications: Common frameworks or babelian confusion? Government and Opposition, 44(3), 321–340.
Patterson, T. E., & Donsbach, W. (1996). News decisions: Journalists as partisan actors. Political Communication, 13(4), 455–468.
Peters, C., & Broersma, M. (2017). Rethinking journalism again: Societal role and public relevance in a digital age. New York, NY: Routledge.
Preston, P. (2009). Making the news: Journalism and news cultures in Europe. London, England: Routledge.
Shoemaker, P., & Reese, S. (2013). Mediating the message in the 21st century. A media sociology perspective. New York, NY: Routledge.
Skovsgaard, M., & Van Dalen, A. (2013). The fading public voice: The polarizing effect of commercialization on political and other beats and its democratic consequences. Journalism Studies, 14(3), 371–386.
Stepin ́ska, A., Jurga-Wosik, E., Adamczewska, K., Selcer, B., & Naroz ̇na, D. (2016). Journalistic role performance in Poland. Central European Political Studies, 2, 37–52.
Tandoc, E., Hellmueller, L., & Vos, T. P. (2013). Mind the gap: Between role conception and role enactment. Journalism Practice, 7(5), 539–554.
Umbricht, A., & Esser, F. (2014). The evolution of objective and interpretative journalism in the Western press: Comparing six news systems since the 1960s. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(2), 229–249.
Van Dalen, A., Vreese, C., & Albæk, E. (2012). Different roles, different content? A four-country comparison of the role conceptions and reporting style of political journalists. Journalism, 13(7), 903–922.
Voltmer, K. (2012). How far can media systems travel. In D. Hallin & P. Mancini (Eds.), Comparing media systems beyond the Western world (pp. 224–245). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Vos, T. (2017). Historical perspectives on journalistic roles. In C. Mellado, L. Hellmueller, & W. Donsbach (Eds.), Journalistic role performance: Concepts, contexts and methods (pp. 41–59). New York: Routledge.
Waisbord, S. (2000). Watchdog journalism in South America: News, accountability and democracy. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Waisbord, S. (2013). Reinventing professionalism: Journalism and news in global perspective. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
Wang, H., Sparks, C., Lü, N., & Huang, Y. (2017). Differences within the Mainland Chinese press: A quantitative analysis. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 154–171.
Weaver, D., & Willnat, L. (Eds.) (2012). The global journalist in the 21st century. New York, NY: Routledge.
Weaver, D. H. (1998). Journalists around the world: Commonalities and differences. In D. H. Weaver (Ed.), The global journalist: News people around the world (pp. 455–480). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
Zelizer, B. (1993). Has communication explained journalism? Journal of Communication, 43(4), 80–88.
Zelizer, B. (2017). What journalism could be. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
