Studying the media frames: review of the main methodological approaches
Keywords:
media frame, deductive approach, inductive approach, holistic frame coding, indicator-based frame coding, quantitative methods, qualitative methods
Abstract
The article gives an overview of basic methodological approaches while studying media frames, which are used in this field of research. We explored different approaches based on the following dichotomies: (1) deductive vs. inductive approach, (2) indicator-based frame coding vs. holistic frame coding, (3) quantitative methods vs. qualitative methods. We explored basic researcher’s methodological decisions. First of all, researcher should decide how media frames would be determined – deductively or inductively. In deductive studies media frames are theoretically derived or derived from some other empirical papers. In inductive studies media frames are suggested empirically in a particular study depending on research questions and research goals. There can be also indicator-based frame coding or holistic frame coding. The coding scheme in holistic approach is based on coding of a frame presence as a whole. The coding scheme in indicator-based approach is based on a coding of particular indicators, which mean the presence of media frames. Depending on study goals researcher should also decide whether to use qualitative or quantitative methods of analysis. In the article we review the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. In conclusion we give some practical recommendations.
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References
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Lombard M., Snyder-Duch J., Bracken C.C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research. Vol. 28. No. 4: 587–604.
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Neiger M., Tenenboim‐Weinblatt K. (2016). Understanding journalism through a nuanced deconstruction of temporal layers in news narratives. Journal of Communication. Vol. 66. No. 1: 139-160.
Pan Z., Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication. Vol. 10. No. 1: 55-75.
Roberts C. W., Liu H. (2014). On the cultural foundations for universal healthcare: Implications from late 20th‐century US and Canadian health‐related discourse. Journal of Communication. Vol. 64. No. 4: 764-784.
Rojecki A. (2005). Media discourse on globalization and terror. Political Communication. Vol. 22. No. 1: 63-81.
Scheufele D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication. Vol. 49. No. 1: 103–122.
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Semetko H.A., Valkenburg P.M. (2000). Framing European politics: a content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication. Vol. 50. No. 2: 93–109.
Simon A., Xenos M. (2000). Media framing and effective public deliberation. Political Communication. Vol. 17. No. 4: 363–376,
Slothuus R. (2010). When can political parties lead public opinion? Evidence from a natural experiment. Political Communication. Vol. 27. No. 2: 158-177.
Speer I. (2017). Reframing the Iraq war: Official sources, dramatic events, and changes in media framing. Journal of Communication. Vol. 67. No. 2: 282-302.
Toepfl F., Piwoni E. Public spheres in interaction: Comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces. Journal of Communication. Vol. 65. No. 3: 465-488.
Valkenburg P. M., Semetko H.A., De Vreese C.H.. (1999). The Effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts and recall. Communication Research. Vol. 26. No. 5: 550-569.
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Van Gorp, B. (2005). Where is the frame? Victims and intruders in the Belgian press coverage of the asylum issue. European Journal of Communication. Vol. 20. No. 4: 485–508.
Xenos M. A., Foot, K. A. (2005). Politics as usual, or politics unusual? Position taking and dialogue on campaign websites in the 2002 US elections. Journal of Communication. Vol. 55. No. 1: 169-185.
Aday S. (2010). Chasing the bad news: An analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan war coverage on NBC and Fox News Channel. Journal of Communication. Vol. 60. No. 1: 144-164.
Avraham E., First A. (2010). Combining the representation approach with the framing concept: Television news coverage of the Arab population in Israel during conflict. Journalism. Vol. 11. No. 4: 481-499.
Borah P. (2011). Conceptual issues in framing theory: A systematic examination of a decade’s literature. Journal of Communication. Vol. 61. No. 2: 246–263.
Burscher B., Odijk D., Vliegenthart R., De Rijke M., De Vreese C. H. (2014). Teaching the computer to code frames in news: Comparing two supervised machine learning approaches to frame analysis. Communication Methods and Measures. Vol. 8. No. 3: 190-206.
Cho J., Boyle M. P., Keum H., Shevy M. D., McLeod D. M., Shah D. V., Pan Z. (2003). Media, terrorism, and emotionality: Emotional differences in media content and public reactions to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. Vol. 47. No. 3: 309-327.
Coupland, J. (2000). Past the ‘perfect kind of age’? Styling selves and relationships in over‐50s dating advertisements. Journal of Communication. Vol. 50. No. 3: 9-30.
David C. C., Atun J. M., Fille E., Monterola C. (2011). Finding frames: Comparing two methods of frame analysis. Communication Methods and Measures. Vol. 5. No. 4: 329-351.
De Vreese C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal & Document Design. Vol. 13. No. 1: 51-62.
De Vreese C. H., Peter J., Semetko H. A. (2001). Framing politics at the launch of the Euro: A cross-national comparative study of frames in the news. Political communication. Vol. 18. No. 2: 107-122.
Dirikx A., Gelders D. (2010). To frame is to explain: A deductive frame-analysis of Dutch and French climate change coverage during the annual UN Conferences of the Parties. Public understanding of Science. Vol. 19. No. 6: 732–742.
Druckman J. N. (2005). Media matter: How newspapers and television news cover campaigns and influence voters. Political Communication. Vol. 22. No. 4: 463-481.
Entman R.M., Matthes J., Pellicano L. (2009). Nature, sources, and effects of news framing. In The handbook of journalism studies. Ed. by Wahl-Jorgensen K., Hanitzsch T. 175-190.
Entman R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication. Vol. 43. No. 4: 51-58.
Entman R. M. (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran air incidents. Journal of Communication. Vol. 41. No. 4: 6–27.
Gamson W. A. (1992). Talking politics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Gamson W. A., Modigliani A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A Constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 95. No. 1: 1–37.
González-Bailón S., Paltoglou G. (2015). Signals of public opinion in online communication: A comparison of methods and data sources. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 659. No. 1: 95-107
Grimmer J., Stewart B. M. (2013). Text as data: The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Political analysis. Vol. 21. No. 3: 267-297.
Günther L., Esser F., Berganza R. (2011). Negativity in political news: A review of concepts, operationalizations, and key findings. Journalism. Vol. 13. No. 2: 179–202
Kahneman D., Tversky A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist. Vol. 39. No. 4: 341-350.
Hamdy N., Gomaa E. H. (2012). Framing the Egyptian uprising in Arabic language newspapers and social media. Journal of Communication. Vol. 62. No. 2: 195-211.
Hänggli R., Kriesi H. (2010). Political framing strategies and their impact on media framing in a Swiss direct-democratic campaign. Political Communication. Vol. 27. No. 2: 141-157.
Hunter S. D. (2014). A novel method of network text analysis. Open Journal of Modern Linguisitics. Vol. 4. No. 2: 350-366.
Iyengar S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jasperson A. E., Shah D. V., Watts M., Faber R. J., Fan D. P. (1998). Framing and the public agenda: Media effects on the importance of the federal budget deficit. Political Communication, Vol. 15. No. 2: 205-224.
Kepplinger H. M., Geiss S., Siebert S. (2012). Framing scandals: Cognitive and emotional media effects. Journal of Communication. Vol. 62. No. 4: 659-681.
Krippendorff K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
Laver M., Benoit K., Garry J. (2003). Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data. The American Political Science Review. Vol. 97. No. 2: 311-331.
Liebler C. M., Schwartz J., Harper T. (2009). Queer tales of morality: The press, same‐sex marriage, and hegemonic framing. Journal of Communication. Vol. 59 No. 4: 653-675.
Lombard M., Snyder-Duch J., Bracken C.C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research. Vol. 28. No. 4: 587–604.
Lowry D. T. (2008). Network TV news framing of good vs. bad economic news under democrat and republican presidents: A lexical analysis of political bias. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. Vol. 85. No. 3: 483-498.
Matthes J. (2009). What's in a frame? A content analysis of media framing studies in the world's leading communication journals, 1990-2005. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Vol. 86. No.2: 349-367.
Matthes J., Kohring M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication. Vol. 58. No. 2: 258–279.
Matthes J., Schemer C. (2012). Diachronic framing effects in competitive opinion environments. Political Communication. Vol. 29. No. 3. 319-339.
McCombs M.E., Shaw D.L. (1972).The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 36. No. 2: 176–187.
McCombs M. (2004). Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Miller M. M. (1997). Frame mapping and analysis of news coverage of contentious issues. Social Science Computer Review. Vol. 15. No.4: 367-378.
Neiger M., Tenenboim‐Weinblatt K. (2016). Understanding journalism through a nuanced deconstruction of temporal layers in news narratives. Journal of Communication. Vol. 66. No. 1: 139-160.
Pan Z., Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication. Vol. 10. No. 1: 55-75.
Roberts C. W., Liu H. (2014). On the cultural foundations for universal healthcare: Implications from late 20th‐century US and Canadian health‐related discourse. Journal of Communication. Vol. 64. No. 4: 764-784.
Rojecki A. (2005). Media discourse on globalization and terror. Political Communication. Vol. 22. No. 1: 63-81.
Scheufele D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication. Vol. 49. No. 1: 103–122.
Scheufele B. T., Scheufele D. A. (2010). Of spreading activation applicability and schemas. In “Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives”. Ed. by D'Angelo P., Kuypers J. A. 110-134.
Semetko H.A., Valkenburg P.M. (2000). Framing European politics: a content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication. Vol. 50. No. 2: 93–109.
Simon A., Xenos M. (2000). Media framing and effective public deliberation. Political Communication. Vol. 17. No. 4: 363–376,
Slothuus R. (2010). When can political parties lead public opinion? Evidence from a natural experiment. Political Communication. Vol. 27. No. 2: 158-177.
Speer I. (2017). Reframing the Iraq war: Official sources, dramatic events, and changes in media framing. Journal of Communication. Vol. 67. No. 2: 282-302.
Toepfl F., Piwoni E. Public spheres in interaction: Comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces. Journal of Communication. Vol. 65. No. 3: 465-488.
Valkenburg P. M., Semetko H.A., De Vreese C.H.. (1999). The Effects of news frames on readers’ thoughts and recall. Communication Research. Vol. 26. No. 5: 550-569.
Van Gorp B. (2010). Strategies to take subjectivity out of framing analysis. In “Doing news framing analysis: Empirical and theoretical perspectives”. Ed. by D'Angelo P., Kuypers J. New York: Routledge. 84-109.
Van Gorp, B. (2007). The constructionist approach to framing: Bringing culture back in. Journal of communication. Vol. 57. No. 1: 60-78.
Van Gorp, B. (2005). Where is the frame? Victims and intruders in the Belgian press coverage of the asylum issue. European Journal of Communication. Vol. 20. No. 4: 485–508.
Xenos M. A., Foot, K. A. (2005). Politics as usual, or politics unusual? Position taking and dialogue on campaign websites in the 2002 US elections. Journal of Communication. Vol. 55. No. 1: 169-185.
Published
2017-11-05
How to Cite
МавлетоваА. М., & ЛебедевД. В. (2017). Studying the media frames: review of the main methodological approaches. Communications. Media. Design, 2(3). Retrieved from https://cmd-journal.hse.ru/article/view/7199
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Section
Scientific Articles
